Yog tias koj tau hais tias cov pob zeb muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo nkauj rau hauv lub pob zeb zoo nkauj kuj tseem ua tus phab ej uas tsis muaj zog uas ua rau cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear khiav nyab xeeb, koj puas yuav nyuaj rau ntseeg? Zirconium, lub ntsiab tsis yog. 40 ntawm lub rooj sib tham, yog qhov tseeb xws li "dual-tus neeg ua haujlwm" uas hla lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov txee dai khaub ncaws thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear.
Los ntawm "Hyacinth Pob Zeb" mus rau Chemical Element
Zaj dab neeg ntawm zirconium pib nrog lub pob zeb zoo nkauj. Lub ntuj silicate ntxhia uas muaj zirconium yog hu ua zircon, uas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo li ib nrab - pob zeb zoo nkauj txij li lub sijhawm qub. Nws qhia txog cov xim nplua nuj ntawm cov xim xws li txiv kab ntxwv -liab thiab golden- daj mus rau xim tsis muaj xim thiab xim av-ntsuab, thiab tau raug tshwj xeeb mined ntawm cov kob ntawm Sri Lanka nyob rau hauv ancient Indian dej hiav txwv. Lo lus "zircon" yog hais los ntawm Persian "Zargun," lub ntsiab lus "golden" - ib tug siv rau lub dazzling ci ntsa iab ntawm tej zircon gemstones. Tsis muaj xim zircon, thaum txiav, tuaj yeem ci ntsa iab nrog cov luster reminiscent ntawm pob zeb diamond, thiab rau lub sijhawm ntev nws txawm ua yuam kev rau hom "mos pob zeb diamond."
Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1789 uas zircon tau nce siab los ntawm lub pov haum rau lub caij, ua tsaug rau kev sim los ntawm German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw zircon nrog sodium hydroxide thiab kho nws nrog hydrochloric acid, thaum kawg nws pom ib qho tsis paub oxide, uas nws hu ua "zirconia." Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1824, Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius thawj zaug ua hlau zirconium, tab sis nws tsis yog txog rau xyoo 1925 uas tau txais cov ntshiab, ductile metallic zirconium tiag tiag.
Nyiaj -Grey "Txhua-Rounder"
Pure metallic zirconium yog cov nyiaj ci ntsa iab - grey khoom uas zoo li cov hlau zoo li. Nws cov ntsiab lus melting yog siab li 1,855 degree, thiab nws qhov kub ntawm qhov kub nce mus txog 4,409℃- txhais tau hais tias ntawm qhov kub thiab txias uas feem ntau cov hlau tau ntev txij li melted, zirconium tseem unyielding.
Zirconium boasts peb lub peev xwm zoo kawg li:
Ua ntej, nws "invulnerable" corrosion kuj. Zirconium yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv taus rau feem ntau cov kua qaub, alkalis, thiab dej hiav txwv, nrog cov kua qaub thiab alkali aqueous daws NW nyuam qhuav tuaj yeem corrode nws. Cov cuab yeej no ua rau nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg - reactors, acid- cov twj tso kua mis, cov raj xa hluav taws xob, cov li qub - nyob qhov twg yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion, zirconium feem ntau pom.
Thib ob, nws "ua raws" roj-absorbing peev xwm. Thaum tshav kub kub, zirconium tuaj yeem nqus tau cov pa oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, thiab lwm yam roj. Tsuas yog 100 grams ntawm hlau zirconium tuaj yeem nqus tau 817 litres ntawm hydrogen ntawm 200 degree. Qhov kev zoo no yog siv tau zoo hauv kev lag luam nqus hluav taws xob - zirconium yog coated rau ntawm anodes ntawm electron raj kom nqus cov pa seem, ua rau siab - lub tshuab nqus tsev.
Thib peb, nws "Midas kov" hauv alloying. Zirconium tau qhuas tias yog "vitamin" ntawm kev lag luam metallurgical - ntxiv me me tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom siv zoo. Ntxiv ib -txheej ntawm zirconium rau steel zoo heev txhim khu nws lub zog thiab hardness, ua zirconium- muaj armor steel yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim tanks thiab mos mos daim hlau. Ntxiv me ntsis ntawm zirconium rau tooj liab tuaj yeem nce nws qhov melting point yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob conductivity, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau siab -voltage fais fab kab.
"Number One Metal" ntawm Nuclear Age
Yog hais tias cov saum toj no tsuas yog zirconium "sidelines," ces nws "txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb" yog 足以 transformative rau toj roob hauv pes ntawm tib neeg lub zog.
Dab tsi ua rau zirconium alloys cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear yog qhov zoo li tsis zoo thiab tseem ceeb heev - ib qho tsis tshua muaj thermal neutron absorption cross-section. Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, cov neutrons uas tsim los ntawm nuclear fission yog "sparks" uas txhawb nqa cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tab sis feem ntau cov hlau nqus cov neutrons zoo li daim txhuam cev ntub dej, yog li cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Zirconium, txawm li cas los xij, yog qhov tshwj xeeb - nws nqus cov neutrons tsawg heev, thaum tib lub sijhawm tiv thaiv corrosion los ntawm siab - kub, siab - dej siab ntawm 300-400℃thiab tswj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov roj nuclear.
Nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txiaj ntsig uas tso cai rau cov zirconium alloys los ua kom ntev, nyias - cov hlab ntsa, encasing uranium dioxide roj pellets thiab ua thawj qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear. Nws tau kwv yees tias ntau npaum li 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsim zirconium yog siv nyob rau hauv nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Los ntawm nuclear submarines mus rau "Hualong One" reactor, zirconium alloy cladding hlab tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm "nuclear roj armor."
